肝硬化患者心脏病变特征及其与食管静脉曲张发生的相关性分析
DOI: 10.12449/JCH260717
Cardiac lesion characteristics in patients with liver cirrhosis and their correlation with esophageal varices
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摘要:
目的 分析肝硬化患者心脏结构和功能差异,对肝硬化患者心脏超声及心功能指标和食管静脉曲张进行相关性分析,以期为早期识别高危患者、优化临床管理及改善预后提供理论依据。 方法 回顾性收集2020年1月—2023年12月于湖南省人民医院住院并确诊为肝硬化的359例患者的临床资料,其中无食管静脉曲张组患者176例,合并食管静脉曲张组患者183例。比较两组患者的一般资料、实验室检测及检查结果,分析肝硬化患者合并食管静脉曲张时的心脏病变特征。符合正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较根据方差齐性选择LSD-t或Tamhane’s T2检验;非正态分布的计量资料两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验;计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Spearman检验进行相关性分析。 结果 两组患者的性别及年龄差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。合并食管静脉曲张组患者的红细胞、血红蛋白、血小板、凝血酶原活动度、白蛋白水平及白蛋白/球蛋白均显著低于无食管静脉曲张组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);合并食管静脉曲张组患者的总胆红素、总胆汁酸及心型肌酸激酶水平,以及纤维化-4指数、LOK指数、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/血小板比值及天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶比值均显著高于无食管静脉曲张组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.001);无食管静脉曲张组患者以蔡尔德-皮尤分级(Child-Pugh分级)A级为主(58.0%),合并食管静脉曲张组以Child-Pugh B级为主(48.1%)。合并食管静脉曲张组左心房前后径(LA-ap)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、右心房横径(RA-t)、二尖瓣膜口舒张早期时快速充盈的充盈峰(E)、E/二尖瓣膜口舒张晚期时快速充盈的充盈峰(A)、肺动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速(PV)、主动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速(AV)及QTc间期均显著大于无食管静脉曲张组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。Spearman相关性分析显示,LA-ap、LVEDD、RA-t、E、A、PV、AV和QTc间期均与食管静脉曲张呈正相关(P值均<0.05),其中LA-ap、E及PV的r值分别为0.297、0.223及0.311。Child-Pugh不同分级患者的对比结果显示,Child-Pugh A级组患者的LA-ap、右心室中份横径、E、PV、AV、HR及QTc间期均显著小于其他两组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);Child-Pugh A级组患者的LVEDD、RA-t及E/A均显著小于Child-Pugh B级组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);Child-Pugh B级和C级组A和PV差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。 结论 肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张患者的心脏病变明显,建议常规开展心脏彩超检查以评估心功能。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the characteristics of cardiac structure and function in patients with liver cirrhosis and the correlation of cardiac ultrasound parameters and cardiac function parameters with esophageal varices (EV), and to provide a theoretical basis for identifying high-risk patients in the early stage, optimizing clinical management, and improving prognosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 359 patients who were hospitalized in Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital and were diagnosed with liver cirrhosis from January 2020 to December 2023, among whom there were 176 patients in the non-EV group and 183 patients in the EV group. The two groups were compared in terms of general data, laboratory test results, and examination findings, and the characteristics of cardiac lesions were analyzed for liver cirrhosis patients with EV. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison between the two groups, a one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test or the Tamhane’s T2 test was used for further comparison between two groups based on homogeneity of variance; The Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison between the two groups, the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between multiple groups; the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used for correlation analysis. Results There were no significant differences in sex and age between the two groups (all P >0.05). Compared with the non-EV group, the EV group had significantly lower levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, platelet, prothrombin activity, albumin, and albumin/globulin ratio (all P<0.05) and significantly higher values of total bilirubin, total bile acid, cardiac creatine kinase, fibrosis-4 index, LOK index, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index, and aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (all P <0.001). For the non-EV group, 58.0% of the patients had Child-Pugh class A disease, while in the EV group, 48.1% of the patients had Child-Pugh class B disease. Compared with the non-EV group, the EV group had significantly greater left atrial anterior-posterior diameter (LA-ap), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), right atrial transverse diameter (RA-t), early diastolic filling velocity at the mitral valve orifice (E), early diastolic filling velocity/late diastolic filling velocity (E/A) ratio, peak systolic velocity of pulmonary valve (PV), peak systolic velocity of aortic valve (AV), and QTc interval (all P<0.05). The Spearman correlation analysis showed that LA-ap, LVEDD, RA-t, E, E/A, PV, AV and QTc interval were positively correlated with EV (all P<0.05), among which LA-ap, E, and PV had an r-value of 0.297, 0.223, and 0.311, respectively. Comparison of the patients with different Child-Pugh classes showed that compared with the Child-Pugh class B and C groups, the Child-Pugh class A group had significantly smaller LA-ap, mid-right ventricular transverse diameter, E, PV, AV, HR, and QTc interval (all P<0.05); compared with the Child-Pugh class B group, the Child-Pugh class A group had significantly lower values of LVEDD, RA-t, and E/A ratio (all P<0.05); there were significant differences in A and PV between the Child-Pugh class B group and the Child-Pugh class C group (all P<0.05). Conclusion Liver cirrhosis patients with EV have significant cardiac lesions, and routine echocardiography should be performed to assess cardiac function. -
Key words:
- Liver Cirrhosis /
- Esophageal and Gastric Varices /
- Heart
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表 1 肝硬化无食管静脉曲张组和合并食管静脉曲张组患者的基线比较
Table 1. Baseline comparison between liver cirrhosis patients without esophageal varices and those with esophageal
指标 无食管静脉曲张组(n=176) 合并食管静脉曲张组(n=183) 统计值 P值 性别[例(%)] χ2=1.607 0.205 男 110(62.5) 126(68.9) 女 66(37.5) 57(31.1) 年龄(岁) 59.98±10.35 58.52±10.32 t=-1.341 0.181 糖尿病[例(%)] 17(9.7) 20(10.9) χ2=0.157 0.692 RBC(×1012/L) 3.97(3.46~4.46) 3.32(2.88~3.91) Z=-6.700 <0.001 HGB(g/L) 121.00(107.00~132.00) 104.00(81.00~122.00) Z=-6.143 <0.001 PLT(×109/L) 158.00(101.00~221.00) 67.00(46.00~105.00) Z=-9.901 <0.001 PTA(%) 90.00(71.90~106.70) 68.10(56.40~78.35) Z=-8.122 <0.001 Alb(g/L) 34.80±6.04 31.16±5.97 t=-5.736 <0.001 Glb(g/L) 27.84(25.23~31.84) 30.41(26.80~33.94) Z=-3.256 0.001 Alb/Glb 1.23(1.05~1.45) 1.03(0.84~1.29) Z=-5.367 <0.001 TBil(μmol/L) 21.10(12.30~44.30) 25.86(16.90~44.95) Z=-2.488 0.013 TBA(μmol/L) 17.56(6.19~59.09) 30.87(15.17~63.05) Z=-3.315 0.001 GFR 101.31(92.25~109.82) 101.83(91.23~111.20) Z=-0.188 0.851 LDH(U/L) 198.20(167.70~251.10) 197.28(169.70~242.20) Z=-0.900 0.368 CK-MB(U/L) 12.00(9.00~19.00) 30.00(19.75~40.00) Z=-10.764 <0.001 MYO(ng/mL) 38.20(27.60~52.90) 41.85(28.93~62.25) Z=-1.796 0.072 FIB-4指数 3.25(1.80~6.79) 7.81(5.10~12.11) Z=-8.374 <0.001 LOK指数 0.00(-1.34~1.80) 2.13(1.13~3.31) Z=-8.713 <0.001 APRI 0.64(0.46~1.01) 1.54(0.96~2.19) Z=-9.850 <0.001 AAR 1.17(0.86~1.78) 1.63(1.21~2.04) Z=-5.141 <0.001 Child-Pugh评分(分) 6.00(5.00~8.00) 8.00(6.00~9.00) Z=-5.626 <0.001 Child-Pugh分级[例(%)] χ2=27.865 <0.001 A级 102(58.0) 59(32.2) B级 62(35.2) 88(48.1) C级 12(6.8) 36(19.7) 腹水[例(%)] χ2=43.628 <0.001 无 131(74.4) 73(39.9) 有 45(25.6) 110(60.1) 注:RBC,红细胞;HGB,血红蛋白;PLT,血小板;PTA,凝血酶原活动度;Alb,白蛋白;Glb,球蛋白;TBil,总胆红素;TBA,总胆汁酸;GFR,肾小球滤过率;LDH,乳酸脱氢酶;CK-MB,心型肌酸激酶;MYO,肌红蛋白;FIB-4指数,纤维化-4指数;APRI,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/血小板比值指数;AAR,天冬氨酸氨基转移酶/丙氨酸氨基转移酶比值;Child-Pugh评分,蔡尔德-皮尤评分;Child-Pugh分级,蔡尔德-皮尤分级。
表 2 肝硬化无食管静脉曲张组和合并食管静脉曲张组患者心脏彩超及心电图结果比较
Table 2. Comparison of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings between cirrhotic patients without esophageal varices and those with esophageal varices
指标 无食管静脉曲张组(n=176) 合并食管静脉曲张组(n=183) 统计值 P值 LA-ap(mm) 31.00(28.00~34.00) 34.00(31.00~38.00) Z=-5.612 <0.001 LVEDD(mm) 45.05±4.23 46.03±4.47 t=2.134 0.033 RA-t(mm) 29.00(26.00~31.00) 30.00(28.00~32.00) Z=-2.542 0.011 RV-m(mm) 27.00(25.00~30.00) 28.00(26.00~30.00) Z=-1.302 0.193 IVSd(mm) 9.60(9.00~10.00) 10.00(9.00~10.20) Z=-1.101 0.271 LVPWd(mm) 9.15(8.85~10.00) 9.00(8.00~10.00) Z=-0.074 0.941 E(m/s) 0.65(0.53~0.80) 0.72(0.61~0.90) Z=-4.220 <0.001 A(m/s) 0.80(0.67~0.94) 0.80(0.70~0.95) Z=-0.972 0.331 E/A 0.76(0.67~1.10) 0.86(0.72~1.28) Z=-3.183 0.001 PV(m/s) 0.90(0.80~1.00) 1.00(0.90~1.14) Z=-5.834 <0.001 AV(m/s) 1.17(1.00~1.39) 1.28(1.12~1.50) Z=-3.484 <0.001 LVEF(%) 67.25±5.50 67.57±4.86 t=0.592 0.555 HR(次/min) 71.00(64.00~80.00) 75.00(66.00~83.00) Z=-1.506 0.132 QT间期(ms) 399.65±31.79 402.59±34.41 t=0.841 0.401 QTc间期(ms) 437.98±30.44 447.55±25.65 t=3.227 0.001 注:LA-ap,左心房前后径;LVEDD,左心室舒张末期内径;RA-t,右心房横径;RV-m,右心室中份横径;IVSd,舒张末期室间隔厚度;LVPWd,舒张末期左心室后壁厚度;E,二尖瓣口舒张早期时快速充盈峰;A,二尖瓣口舒张晚期时快速充盈峰;PV,肺动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速;AV,主动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速;LVEF,左心室射血分数;HR,心率。
表 3 食管静脉曲张与心脏彩超及心电图指标相关性分析
Table 3. Correlation analysis between EV and echocardiographic and electrocardiographic indicators
指标 r值 P值 LA-ap 0.297 <0.001 LVEDD 0.120 0.023 RA-t 0.134 0.011 E 0.223 <0.001 E/A 0.168 0.001 PV 0.311 <0.001 AV 0.185 <0.001 QTc间期 0.175 0.001 注:LA-ap,左心房前后径;LVEDD,左心室舒张末期内径;RA-t,右心房横径;E,二尖瓣口舒张早期时快速充盈峰;A,二尖瓣口舒张晚期时快速充盈峰;PV,肺动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速;AV,主动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速。
表 4 不同Child-Pugh分级患者心脏彩超及心电图结果比较
Table 4. Comparison of echocardiographic and electrocardiographic findings among patients with different Child-Pugh classifications
指标 Child-Pugh A级(n=161) Child-Pugh B级(n=150) Child-Pugh C级(n=48) 统计值 P值 LA-ap(mm) 31.00(29.00~34.50) 34.00(30.00~37.00)1) 35.00(30.00~40.00)1) H=23.928 <0.001 LVEDD(mm) 44.69±4.24 46.39±4.441) 45.79±4.19 F=6.088 0.003 RA-t(mm) 29.00(27.00~31.00) 30.00(28.00~32.00)1) 30.00(26.00~32.00) H=6.218 0.045 RV-m(mm) 27.00(25.00~29.00) 28.00(26.00~30.00)1) 28.50(26.00~30.00)1) H=13.754 0.001 IVSd(mm) 10.00(9.00~10.10) 9.60(9.00~10.00) 9.25(9.00~10.00) H=0.299 0.861 LVPWd(mm) 9.00(8.00~9.00) 9.10(8.00~10.00) 9.00(8.00~10.00) H=0.103 0.950 E(m/s) 0.65(0.54~0.80) 0.70(0.60~0.90)1) 0.74(0.66~0.95)1) H=15.644 <0.001 A(m/s) 0.80(0.70~0.93) 0.80(0.65~0.92) 0.90(0.74~1.00)2) H=6.528 0.038 E/A 0.75(0.67~1.05) 0.86(0.74~1.30)1) 0.84(0.70~1.25) H=12.227 0.002 PV(m/s) 0.90(0.80~1.00) 0.98(0.86~1.10)1) 1.07(0.94~1.20)1)2) H=27.931 <0.001 AV(m/s) 1.17(1.00~1.30) 1.30(1.10~1.51)1) 1.30(1.13~1.50)1) H=26.563 <0.001 LVEF(%) 67.33±5.24 67.61±5.19 67.10±5.02 F=0.210 0.810 HR(次/min) 70.00(63.00~78.00) 76.00(67.00~86.00)1) 78.00(68.00~89.50)1) H=21.267 <0.001 QT间期(ms) 401.42±28.64 400.57±37.01 402.04±35.04 F=0.045 0.956 QTc间期(ms) 432.16±25.82 450.20±25.851) 455.79±32.421) F=24.048 <0.001 注:与Child-Pugh A级比较,1)P<0.05;与Child-Pugh B级比较,2)P<0.05。LA-ap,左心房前后径;LVEDD,左心室舒张末期内径;RA-t,右心房横径;RV-m,右心室中份横径;IVSd,舒张末期室间隔厚度;LVPWd,舒张末期左心室后壁厚度;E,二尖瓣口舒张早期时快速充盈峰;A,二尖瓣口舒张晚期时快速充盈峰;PV,肺动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速;AV,主动脉瓣收缩期峰值流速;LVEF,左心室射血分数;HR,心率。
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